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Franz was born in 1922 and raised as a third-generation Jehovah's Witness; many of his family were members. Frederick Franz, Raymond's uncle, was highly influential in the religion's development, practices, and doctrines, and remained a prominent member of the organization until he was disfellowshipped by the Watchtower Society in 1980. Raymond's father was baptized in 1913 as a Bible Student, as they were known before they adopted the name "Jehovah's Witnesses" in 1931. Raymond became a member of Jehovah's Witnesses when he was sixteen years old (in 1938), and became a baptized member in 1939.[2] By 1940, Franz had increased his religious activity by evangelizing for Jehovah's Witnesses on a full-time basis in areas which that organization had deemed to be in need of special attention.[3]
Missionary
In 1948, Franz graduated from Gilead, the religion's school for training missionaries, and temporarily served the organization as a travelling representative in the continental U.S. until receiving a missionary assignment to Puerto Rico in 1946. Franz became a representative of Jehovah's Witnesses throughout the Caribbean, travelling to the Virgin Islands and the Dominican Republic, at least until 1957 when Jehovah's Witnesses were banned in the Dominican Republic by dictator Rafael Trujillo.[4] At the age of 37, Franz married his wife, Cynthia, who joined him in these missionary travels from 1959 onward. Both returned to the Dominican Republic in 1961 to evangelize for four more years.[5]
World Headquarters
In 1965, Nathan Knorr, the Watch Tower Society's third president, invited Franz to work and live at Jehovah's Witnesses' world headquarters (called Bethel) in Brooklyn, New York. Franz admitted to Knorr that he preferred missionary work but accepted the offer at the President's request.[6]
Franz began working in the organization's writing department and was assigned to collaboratively write Aid to Bible Understanding, the first encyclopaedic book published by Jehovah's Witnesses. Franz and his colleagues spent five years researching various bible translations and Bible commentaries, and submitted a great number of biblical topics to Knorr for approval.[7] [8] Franz reflected on the effect the research had on the group: "the [book] did serve to quicken interest in the Scriptures among many Witnesses. Perhaps its tone, its approach, the effort put forth by most of the writers to avoid dogmatism, to acknowledge that there might be more than one way of seeing certain matters ... these things may have been of principal benefit."[9]. The book was subsequently re-published as "Insight on the Scriptures" in 1988, as a two-volume set with very minor revisions. [10]
In the preface of the first of his two books, Crisis of Conscience, Franz describes his experience at the headquarters in this way:
| “ | What I saw, heard and experienced during the next fifteen years had a great impact on me. Whether the reaction of the reader will coincide with mine, I have no way of knowing, but one thing is certain, and that is no one could understand what brought me to a crisis situation without knowing these developments. The proverb is apt: 'When anyone is replying to a matter before he hears it, that is foolishness on his part and a humiliation'"—Proverbs 18:13 [11] | ” |
In 1971, Franz was invited to become a member of the Governing Body of Jehovah's Witnesses, a small group of men at the second-highest organizational level. At that time, the President of the organization held all of the decision-making power. He accepted the position and spent many years travelling the world seeing the organization’s structure, workings, and practices on all levels, and overseeing the organization's activities, in many countries.
Franz states that the crossroads in his life occurred during his nine years as a Governing Body member:
| “ | By the end of 1979 I had arrived at my personal crossroads. I had spent nearly forty years as a full time representative, serving at every level of the organizational structure. The last fifteen years I had spent at the international headquarters, and the final nine of those as a member of the worldwide Governing Body of Jehovah's Witnesses. It was those final years that were the crucial period for me. Illusions there met up with reality. I have since come to appreciate the rightness of a quotation I recently read, one made by a statesman, now dead, who said:
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” |
| “ | I now began to realize how large a measure of what I had based my entire adult life course on was just that, a myth—"persistent, persuasive and unrealistic." It was not that my view towards the Bible had changed. If anything, my appreciation of it was enhanced by what I had experienced. It alone gave sense and meaning to what I saw happening, the attitudes I saw displayed, the reasonings I heard advanced, the tension and pressure I felt. The change that did come was from the realization that my way of looking at the scriptures had been from such an essentially sectarian viewpoint, a trap that I thought I had been protected against. Letting the scriptures speak for themselves—without being first funneled through some fallible human agency as a "channel"—I found they became immensely more meaningful. I was frankly astonished at how much of their import I had been missing. The question was, what should I now do? [12] | ” |
Franz gradually came to the conclusion that "the organization ...was stiffening its resistance to any Scriptural correction either as to doctrinal beliefs or its methods of dealing with those who looked to it for guidance." "I was opposed to the extremes to which [authority] was carried." " ...I felt that the role of Christ Jesus as active Head was overshadowed and virtually eclipsed by the authoritarian conduct ...of the organization." "I could not accept that organizational interpretations, based on shifting human reasoning, could ever be made equal in authority to the actual statements found in God's unchangeable Word." [13]
In late 1979 Franz discussed these concerns with his wife, and they decided "the advisable course for us was to terminate our activity at the international headquarters."
Franz writes in his book, Crisis of Conscience, that in November 1979 a fellow Governing Body member, Grant Suiter, told him that there was "considerable gossip" in the world headquarters that "some members of the Governing Body and the Writing Department had given talks in which they made comments not in accord with Society teaching..." [14]. Specifically, Franz claims that allegations were made regarding heretical beliefs: about the dates 1914, 33 A.D. and when the 'Last Days' began; about the number of those going to heaven (Witnesses believe there are only 144,000) and the rightness of a literal interpretation of that number (found in the book of Revelation); and about the doctrine of two classes of Christians, with "earthly" or "heavenly" destinies. Franz says that this gossip eventually led to a paranoid, conspiratorial air at the world headquarters, and an "Inquisition" mentality which developed in the Governing Body towards the alleged apostates, instead of engaging in scriptural discussion of the issues. He also states that there was no tolerance or explanation offered to Witnesses who held non-conforming ideas or had doctrinal questions; rather a blanket ban was placed on discussions, and the accepted doctrines were reinforced over and over.
In March 1980, Franz and his wife decided, due to health concerns, to take time off on leave of absence from the world headquarters. From 24 March — 24 July they arranged to stay with their Witness friend, Peter Gregerson, who lived in Alabama. Gregerson provided a mobile home for them on his property, and yardwork in exchange for monetary compensation.[15] While on their leave Franz states that information came to him, via phone calls, that members of the headquarters staff were being targeted for "inquisition, interrogations, and removal as apostates", based on gossip about conversations that (1) had occurred in the privacy of someone's home, and (2) had related to the scriptural basis for pivotal Jehovah's Witness doctrines. On 22 April 1980 Albert Schroeder, the Governing Body Chairman, informed Franz by phone that the "judicial machinery of the organization was in operation and moving rapidly against these ones".
On 8 May 1980, Schroeder phoned Franz to inform him that he had been implicated as an apostate, according to circulating gossip. On 19 May 1980, Franz returned to the headquarters in New York, and found a pack of documents on his desk with legalistic terms about what Jehovah's Witnesses believe. On 20 May 1980 he met with the Chairman's Committee, and was played a taped audio interview of a married Witness couple who spoke about rumours of private meetings of Witnesses who were discussing various teachings of the Watchtower Society. Franz relates that the two-hour tape was filled with leading questions by the Watchtower representatives who conducted the interview, and pressure was applied by them in an attempt to obtain information which would be grounds for charges of apostasy. According to Franz, the information obtained existed in the form of rumours only, and the interviewed couple received no spiritual help from their interrogators.
According to Franz's account, on 21 May 1980 he was called to a Governing Body session which was to be tape recorded. He agreed to participate, with the stipulation that he be given a copy of the tape recording; he was verbally assured by the Governing Body that his request would be honored. He further states that this request was not honored. [16] He was asked various questions about the organization and its teachings, rather than questions about the gossip that had been circulating and which had led to the disfellowshipping (excommunicating) of others under charges of "apostasy". The questions pertained to the 144,000, the last days, the anointed, and the role of the organization, etc. The Governing Body was not satisfied with his answers, and they continued to question him. The majority of those in attendance just sat and listened, and made no comment and asked no questions. After three hours, he was told he could go. The next morning he was asked to make more recorded comments about a second tape recording which related additional Witnesses' hearsay and gossip about other members; he declined to comment on the unsubstantiated material. [17]
On 22 May 1980, Albert Schroeder, Chairman of the Governing Body, came to Franz's room and informed him that some Governing Body members wanted him disfellowshipped regardless of the lack of evidence against him. Franz assumed from this that they had failed to persuade a majority, so there would be no expulsion. Schroeder said that the Governing Body wanted Franz to resign. Franz chose to write a resignation letter, and refused the Watchtower Society's offer of a monthly stipend as a member of the 'Infirm Special Pioneers'. He and his wife left the organization's headquarters. [18]
The Franzs went to live on the property of their fellow Witness and friend, Peter Gregerson, who owned a grocery business in Alabama. Franz resumed employment with his friend, and he and his wife continued to attend meetings at the East Gadsden congregation of Jehovah's Witnesses.
In the August 1980 edition of the monthly paper called Our Kingdom Ministry[19], which was sent to all congregations of Jehovah's Witnesses, the front page contained the statement that five members of Bethel, and also a number of others, had been disfellowshipped, and the article went on to speak of "apostasy" and "promoting of sectarian divisions", which could be construed to imply that those who were disfellowshipped were apostates. The article did not mentioned names related to an apostasy.
Later on 1 September 1980 a letter to all Circuit and District overseers was sent out by the Governing Body stressing the new teaching that anyone who disagrees in thought with any of the Watch Tower Society's (aka Jehovah God's) teachings is committing apostasy and is liable for disfellowshipping, even if he or she does not actually teach or spread contrary beliefs. The written official policy stated, under the heading "Protecting the Flock":
This idea was not quoted nor a direct reference given, as was always a custom of Jehovah's Witnesses letters to Overseers.
| “ | Keep in mind that to be disfellowshipped, an apostate does not have to be a promoter of apostate views. As mentioned in paragraph two, page 17 of the August 1, 1980, Watchtower, "The word 'apostasy' comes from a Greek term that means "a standing away from,' 'a falling away, defection,' 'rebellion, abandonement.' Therefore, if a baptized Christian abandons the teachings of Jehovah, as presented by the faithful and discreet slave [the 144,000, as represented by the Governing Body of Jehovah's Witnesses][20], and persists in believing other doctrines despite Scriptural reproof, then he is apostatizing. Extended, kindly efforts should be put forth to readjust his thinking. However, if, after such extended efforts have been put forth to readjust his thinking, he continues to believe the apostate ideas and rejects what he has been provided through the 'slave class' then appropriate judicial action should be taken. [21]. | ” |
Franz's commentary on this apostasy policy:
| “ | The letter presents an official policy. It actually says that a person's believing—not promoting, but simply believing—something that differs from the teachings of the organization is grounds for taking judicial action against him as an "apostate"!
The letter makes no qualifying statements limiting such differences of belief to fundamental teachings of God's Word, such as the coming of God's Son as a man, the ransom, faith in Christ's shed blood as the basis for salvation, the resurrection, or similar basic Bible doctrines. It does not even say that the person necessarily disagrees with the Bible, the Word of God. Rather, he disagrees with "the teachings of Jehovah, as presented by the faithful and discreet slave." Which is something like saying that a man's accepting and obeying a King's written message is no guarantee that he is loyal; it is his accepting and obeying what a slave messenger claims the ruler meant that decides this! The symbol at the top of the September 1, 1980 letter ("SCG") identifies the composer of it as Leon Weaver. But it should not be thought that this "thought-control" policy was the thinking of one individual, nor was it some momentary off-the-cuff expression of extremism which a person might make and afterward feel ashamed of as a rash, harsh and utterly unchristian position to take. The composer was a member of the Service Department Committee whose members, such as Harley Miller, David Olson, Joel Adams, Charles Woody and Leon Weaver, were all longtime representatives of the organization, with decades of experience behind them. They were agents of the Governing Body in supervising the activity of about 10,000 congregations and the activity of all the elders, Circuit and District Overseers in the United States, where nearly one million Jehovah's Witnesses live. They were in regular contact with the Service Committee of the Governing Body and were supposed to be thoroughly familiar with the Governing Body policies, attuned to its thinking and viewpoint and spirit. Whatever the case, the letter and its policy—which evokes memories of the position of religious authorities in the apparent Inquisition—had to have been approved by a number of headquarters representatives, including several Governing Body members. Since people's friendships, family relationships, personal honor and other life interests were all at stake, it should be presumed that these men gave long, careful thought to that statement of September 1, 1980, before approving it as an official expression from the "faithful and discreet slave" of Jesus Christ. What they there said was no light matter to be explained away later by saying, "Well, we really didn't mean it exactly the way it sounded." As the facts show, people, many persons, were actually disfellowshipped and continue to be disfellowshipped solely on the basis of this very thought-control policy sent out. The denigrating label of "apostate" is placed on their name simply because in their own hearts, they cannot accept all of the Society's interpretations. |
” |
On Friday 25 April 1980, Cris Sanchez, and his wife Nestor Kuilan, who were long time members at the world headquarters, were disfellowshipped, and René Vázquez (who worked many years in the Service Department) and his wife were also disfellowshipped for alleged "apostasy." Franz described his dismay:
| “ | [Their] names ...were read out to the entire headquarters staff, stating that they had been disfellowshiped. The Governing Body thus informed well over one thousand five hundred persons. They did not see fit to inform me. I eventually heard it, of course, but from phone calls from those so treated, not from any of my fellow members on the Governing Body. [22] | ” |
A few days after Franz's resignation but before the couple left the world headquarters, the Franzes met with Edward Dunlap, a member of the Writing Department who, according to Franz, "had been the object of personal attack both within the Governing Body and outside thereof" and had previously "asked the Writing Committee to give him relief from harassment". [23] These members were harassing Dunlap because he preferred to guide Witnesses to Scripture rather than to the Watch Tower Society's literature[citation needed]. Franz says Dunlap had given his life to the organization [24] by serving faithfully for over forty years, and was a teacher at the organization's missionary school (Watchtower Bible School of Gilead), one of the anointed heavenly class [25], a major contributor to the doctrinal encyclopedia, Aid to Bible Understanding, and the writer of the Watchtower Society's only published Bible commentary, Commentary on the Letter of James. Dunlap was called in for questioning; not long after, he "was dismissed from his work and home at the international headquarters and disfellowshiped from the organization" [26]
While Franz and his wife were attending the local congregation in Alabama, the Elders there wrote to the Watch Tower Society requesting that he be appointed as an Elder. The Society wrote back and "said succintly that the Society did not think it advisable for the elders to recommend me as such (or as a ministerial servant). The only reason given was that the notice of my resignation ...was still recent." [27] Franz describes in his book account how these were the first signs of a campaign orchestrated against him, in literature and within the organization, and with many articles on 'Apostasy' being published one after the other and directly linking him to them (although not in name)[citation needed]. He describes the attitude and writing style in the Society's literature turned inquisitional and repeatedly negative, and constantly emphasized 'how to identify apostates', based on the new premise that anyone who thinks an independent thought not completely in line with all of the Watch Tower Society's teachings and interpretations is an apostate [28], they did not have to teach or discuss these thoughts, but to merely have them was enough for the charges of "apostasy" to be made.
At the same time, according to Franz, his employer and landlord, Peter Gregerson, was being harassed and interrogated by elders[citation needed], as someone had conveyed a private conversation that Peter Gregerson had about the 15 August 1980 Watchtower magazine, where it used a Greek term Naos instead of the word Hieron in regard to the temple where Jesus threw out the money lenders, and whether the resurrected 'Great Crowd' are in heaven or on earth, as Naos is used for them in the Bible, and for the 'Most Holy of Holies' where God dwells. The point was relatively minor, but due to the Society's new policy on independent thoughts, and Peter Gregerson being Raymond Franz's employer and landlord, the matter was not dropped, but was accelerated and intensified according to Franz's and Gregerson's accounts[citation needed].
On 18 March 1981, according to Peter Gregerson, due to stress and constant badgering and intimidation, he submitted a letter of resignation from the organization. Those who disassociate themselves were, at that time, still allowed normal and friendly contact with their fellow Witnesses. Gregerson states that he could not tolerate the constant harassment and unchristian manner[citation needed] he was being targeted for, with regards to a private conversation about a Watchtower article that used what has been alleged to be an incorrect Greek word for the location of the 'Great Crowd.' Soon after his resignation, the Watch Tower Society changed its policy for those who are "disassociated" and reinstated a previous policy which classes those disassociated with those who are "disfellowshipped" (a much more serious condition). Those who were disfellowshipped were placed in the same category as "wicked sinners, antichrist, anti-God, fornicators, idolaters, drunkards and extortioners," [29] as were also those who were guilty of the crime of "independent thoughts", as stated in the Society's 1 September, 1980, letter to all Circuit and District overseers.
Since Franz's disfellowshipping (taking effect 31 December 1981), he has written two books about his experiences; both books are highly documented and very detailed accounts of events in Franz's life as a Jehovah's Witness, a Governing Body member, and his experiences throughout the organization’s levels the world over. As a result of his writing critically researched and extensively documented material on the Watch Tower Society (Jehovah's Witnesses' organization), he has been labeled in the society's literature - and by some Witnesses - as an "apostate", although the Watch Tower Society does not name him or other ex-members.[citation needed]. Application of this grossly pejorative label has the effect of dissuading any of Jehovah's Witnesses from reading the writings of Franz and other former Jehovah's Witnesses, or even letters in defence of their versions of relevant events. Condemnation as an "apostate" does not prevent Jehovah's Witnesses from speaking to them; saying "hello" in the street is okay towards one who is disfellowshipped (although many witnesses will not even exchange such an innocent greeting), but conversations are not recommended. Also forbidden is finding out the facts as Franz saw and experienced them his account of his life, events, and experiences as an ordinary Witness, later as an International Missionary, then as a member of the Jehovah's Witnesses' world Headquarters (fifteen years) and a Jehovah's Witnesses Governing Body member (nine years).
Franz currently lives in the USA with his wife, Cynthia, and lives a quiet life.
This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Franz